Annotated Bibliography
Multi-Level Health: CSC's Aboriginal Continuum of Care
The resources below were used in my multi-level health assignment which utilized Corrections Service Canada’s Aboriginal Continuum of Care Model in treating depression in Aboriginal federal offenders.
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Canadian Council on Social Determinants of Health, Social Determinants of Health Framework Task Group, & Canadian Council on Social Determinants of Health. (2015).
A review of frameworks on the determinants of health. Retrieved from http://www.deslibris.ca/ID/247862
Intended to act as a resource for policy-makers, researchers, practitioners and others working to raise awareness and promote action on the determinants of health, the review examines 36 existing frameworks on the determinants of health from Canada and abroad, each with a unique approach to understanding and describing the determinants, how they influence health, and what different sectors can do to address them.
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Canada, P. H. A. of, & Canada, P. H. A. of. (2001). Social determinants of health and health inequalities [policies]. Retrieved February 9, 2019, from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health.html
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The government of Canada defines social determinant of health and discusses health inequalities and inequities in Canada. Links to statistics, research and strategic plans to reduce health discrepancies are found on this website.
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FASD Justice Committee. (n.d.). 718.2(e) of the Criminal Code, Gladue and Aboriginal People | Retrieved February 20, 2019, from https://fasdjustice.ca/aboriginal-people/7182e-of-the-criminal-code-gladue-and-aboriginal-people.html
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Recognizing that, for Aboriginal offenders, the intergenerational effects of colonization are a unique risk factor for the development of FASD, this website contains a list of curated resources to assist Aboriginal offenders in the criminal justice system.
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First Nations Health Authority (n.d.) Our History, Our Health. Retrieved February 22, 2019, from http://www.fnha.ca/wellness/our-history-our-health
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The First Nations Health Authority (FNHA) website. The FNHA is governed by, and serves, BC First Nations individuals and communities. It plans, designs, manages, and funds the delivery of First Nations health programs formerly handled by Health Canada's First Nations Inuit Health Branch – Pacific Region. This website highlights work being done by FNHA, provides wellness tips, guides and resources, contains information about First Nations health benefits and more.
Government of Canada, CSC. (2002, September 1). Interventions to Preserve Life and Prevent Serious Bodily Harm. Retrieved February 22, 2019, from https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/acts-and-regulations/843-cd-eng.shtml
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The Corrections Service of Canada’s policy, CD843: Interventions to Preserve Life and Prevent Serious Bodily Harm. This policy explains the authority, purpose and application of actions that CSC staffs implement when an inmate in federal custody is suicidal or engaging in self-injurious behaviours.
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Government of Canada, CSC. (2012, December 15). Legislation. Retrieved February 20, 2019, from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/victims/003006-3000-eng.shtml
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The Corrections and Conditional Release Act (CCRA) is the Canadian law that governs the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC). CSC is responsible for supervising offenders serving a sentence of 2 years or more both in custody and in the community. The Act also governs the Parole Board of Canada (PBC).
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Government of Canada, CSC. (2013, August 15). Strategic Plan for Aboriginal Corrections. Retrieved February 19, 2019, from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/aboriginal/002003-1001-eng.shtml#1
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A multi-level system of engagement between the Correctional Service of Canada and Indigenous inmates and their communities. Focusing on a continuum of care for Aboriginal offenders in the federal correctional system utilizing a trauma informed approach that recognizes the diverse cultural needs of this population. This paper contains commitments and accountabilities moving forward and highlights how culturally competent care has been integrated into CSC’s mandate following the 1996 report, The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, and the 1999 Gladue Decision, both highlighting the extent of systemic discrimination in the criminal justice system.
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Government of Canada, CSC. (2013, November 12). Aboriginal Offenders. Retrieved February 20, 2019, from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/politiques-et-lois/702-cd-eng.shtml
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The Corrections Service of Canada’s policy, CD702: Aboriginal Offenders. This policy explains the authority, purpose and application of actions that CSC staffs implement when engaging an Aboriginal offender in federal custody with the goal of providing culturally appropriate care.
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Government of Canada, CSC. (2013, November 12). Aboriginal Offenders. Retrieved February 20, 2019, from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/politiques-et-lois/702-cd-eng.shtml#D_Aboriginal_Corrections_Continuum_of_Ca
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A component of the Corrections Service of Canada’s policy, CD702: Aboriginal Offenders, which explains the authority, purpose and application of actions that CSC staffs implement when engaging an Aboriginal offender in federal custody with the goal of providing culturally appropriate care. The Continuum of Care is a multi-level plan of engagement between CSC and the Aboriginal offender, as well as their community of origin. Intended to link offenders to their history, culture and spirituality, this model views incarceration as a healing journey with wellness and reintegration as the desired outcome.
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Government of Canada, CSC. (2015, April 27). Health Services. Retrieved February 22, 2019, from https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/lois-et-reglements/800-cd-eng.shtml
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The Corrections Service of Canada’s policy, CD800: Health Services. This policy explains the authority, purpose and application of actions that CSC staffs implement regrading physical and mental health of inmates in federal custody and includes primary health care, emergency medical situations, pregnant offenders and involuntary admission and treatment as required for physical and mental health crisis.
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Government of Canada, CSC. (2015, May 28). Aboriginal Social History Factors in Case Management. Retrieved February 20, 2019, from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/r356-eng.shtml
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Following the 1991 Gladue decision, the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) implemented policy requiring that Aboriginal social history is reflected in correctional case management decision-making and a study of 618 assessments was undertaken to examine the extent to which Aboriginal social history factors were considered for decision relating to both security classification and discretionary release and to examine the extent to which these factors were incorporated in recommendation rationales.
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Government of Canada, CSC. (2018, July 17). Correctional Service Canada Website. Retrieved February 20, 2019, from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/index-en.shtml
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The Government of Canada’s Correctional Service of Canada website. This website is designed with purposeful transparency regarding what is happening in Canada’s federal correctional institutions. Here the public can find information about locations, programs, careers, resources, policy, law and more along with weekly blog updates about what is happening at institutions across Canada.
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Government of Canada, IANAC. (2008). Highlights from the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (report). Retrieved from https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100014597/1100100014637
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This book introduces you to some of the main themes and conclusions in the final report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP). That report is a complete statement of the Commission's opinions on, and proposed solutions to, the many complex issues raised by the 16-point mandate set out by the government of Canada in August 1991. The RCAP was mandated to investigate and propose solutions to the challenges affecting the relationship between Aboriginal peoples (First Nations, Inuit, Métis), the Canadian government and Canadian society as a whole.
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Kilanowski, J. F. (2017). Breadth of the socio-ecological model. Journal of Agromedicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2017.1358971
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This article utilizes the socio-economic model (SEM) to discuss the influences and interactions of traditions, culture, research, technology, and policy and other determinants on the agricultural industry. It highlights the versatility of the SEM and thoroughly explains this multi-level model from macro to mirco.
Kouyoumdjian, F., Schuler, A., Matheson, F. I., & Hwang, S. W. (2016). Health status of prisoners in Canada. Canadian Family Physician, 62(3), 215–222. Retrieved February 22, 2019 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4984599/
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This article is a literature review on quantitative research on the health status of persons in custody in provincial, territorial, and federal correctional facilities in Canada between 1993 and 2014. It summarizes recent evidence that the health status of this population is poor compared with the general Canadian population, as indicated by data on social determinants of health, mortality in custody, mental health, substance use, communicable diseases, and sexual and reproductive health.
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Legal Services Society of BC (2018). Gladue Report Guide. Retrieved February 20, 2019, from https://lss.bc.ca/resources/pdfs/pubs/Gladue-Report-Guide-eng.pdf
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This guide is for Gladue report writers who tell the stories of Aboriginal people in court for bail or sentencing hearings. The purpose of a Gladue report is to give the judge a complete picture of the Aboriginal person before the court. The report has details about their Aboriginal background and the circumstances that brought them to court. Gladue principles require judges to consider an Aboriginal person’s background.
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Mood Disorders Society of Canada (n.d.) What is Depression? Retrieved February 22, 2019, from http://depressionhurts.ca/en/about/
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The Mood Disorder’s Society of Canada published this website for individuals affected by depression. This website explains the illness, provides statistics about its prevalence and describes types of depression and their common sign and symptoms. It also contains curated resources for individuals suffering from depression as well as concerned friends and family of those affected by the disorder.
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R. v. Gladue, 1 SCR 688 (C 1999). Retrieved from http://canlii.ca/t/1fqp2
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Regina vs. Gladue, the first Supreme Court of Canada case considering the application of section 718.2(e) of the Criminal Code of Canada. The Court concluded that Aboriginal offenders are, as a result of unique systemic and background factors, more adversely affected by incarceration and less likely to be rehabilitated by it, because imprisonment is often culturally inappropriate and facilitates further discrimination towards them. Aboriginal offenders in Canada are now entitled to have ‘Gladue’ considerations presented at their sentencing in an effort to ensure they receive culturally appropriate care and consideration when incarcerated.
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Raphael, D. (2009). Social Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives, 2nd edition. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press. Retrieved February 12, 2019 from https://crofsblogs.typepad.com/files/sample-pages-chapter-sdoh-revised.pdf
This book is a collection of research and observations by academics about how social determinants of health play out in Canadian life. A resource for teachers, students, and researchers, it explores each of the recognized social determinants that impact on health and well-being in Canada and illustrates how our political and societal choices determine the health.
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Reading, J., Kmetic, A., Gideon, V. (2007). First Nations Wholistic Policy and Planning Model: AFN Paper to WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.476.9397&rep=rep1&type=pdf
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This discussion paper, prepared for the World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health, highlights the gap between First Nations’ and non-First Nations Canadians’ well-being and presents an action plan involving recognition and reconciliation and implementation and investment. The paper discusses the social determinants of health using a framework based on the concepts of Total Health, Total Person and Total Environment. Emphasis is put on a wholistic approach (mind, body and spirit) to first nations’ health and this concept is illustrated in this paper utilizing The Braid Theory developed in 2003 by Lucy Barney of the Lillooet First Nation and BC Centre for Disease Control.
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White, Franklin. (2015). Primary Health Care and Public Health: Foundations of Universal Health Systems. Medical Principles and Practice. Retrieved online from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270591901_Primary_Health_Care_and_Public_Health_Foundations_of_Universal_Health_Systems
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The writer of this review advocates for more integrated and universally accessible health systems, built on a foundation of primary health care and public health. The writer utilizes a social-ecological model to explore how social determinants of health, the private sector and public policy interface to affect population health.